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The work is about the effect of different nutrition levels on meat quality in pigs. The test included 72 sex balanced pigs (36 barrows +36 gilts) and was divided into 3 phases, during which animals were fed by feeding mixtures with a different components share. The animals were divided into two groups, one of which was fed ad-lib, and the second from 80 kg of live weight a restricted, both barrows and gilts. From obtained results it is evident that the nutrition affects MLLT area, muscle fibers diameter, perimeter, circularity and different muscle fiber types share. Level of nutrition also significantly affects the meatness of pigs. The food technique also affects the meat color.

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Functional and morphological structural unit of skeletal muscle is the muscle fiber. Characteristics of muscle fibers are affected by slaughter part. The goal of this study was to determine differences in histological structure of muscle fibers at the carcasse parts as loin, ham, shoulder and neck. The significant effect of the carcasse part on the number, cutting area and diameter of muscle fibers was determined. With respekt to similarity of histological features, muscles can be divided into 2 groups. The first group can include ham and loin, the second shoulder and neck. The highest number and the smallest muscle fiber areas were found in the shoulder. Contrary the lowest number with the biggest muscle fibers were obtained in the ham. The significant differences were determined in proportion and sizes of each muscle fiber types between loin and ham. On the base of obtained results it is also clear that the representation of different muscle fiber types and their parameters are also influenced by carcasse part.

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H-FABP (heart fatty acid-binding protein) is a member of FABP family which play an essentioal role in long-chain fatty acid uptake. The study tested the influence of gene polymorphism FAPB3/HaeIII on chosed indicators of the carcass value in hybrid pigs. There were found a significant effects of FAPB3/HaeIII gene on lean meat content for dd genotype. This corresponds with a higher fat deposition in DD genotype pigs. The statistically signicafant influence were found on backfat thickness. A similar trend was found for the muscle depth and overall weight of the ham.

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The sows originated from two nucleus herds of Přeštice Black-Pied breed (N = 75). The following traits were included – total number of piglets born, number of piglets born alive and number of piglets weaned at 21 days, separately for the 1st, the 2nd and the 3rd to 6th parities and backfat thickness, lean meat content and average daily gain. Because of a low number of sows CRCN/CRCn genotype and missing genotype CRCn/CRCn and polymorphisms ESR2 gene, genes CRC and ESR2 were excluded from the association analysis. We observed a lower number of sows with homozygous genotypes MC4RA/MC4RA (29.3%) and MC4RB/MC4RB (20.0%) in the MC4R gene. The frequency of the genotype FUT1A/FUT1G (29.3%) was observed to be low compared with the FUT1G/FUT1G genotype (70.7%). Similar genotype frequencies were found out in the MUC4 gene, MUC4A/MUC4A genotype 53.3% and MUC4A/MUC4B genotype 46.7%. Markedly lower presence of Mx1O/Mx1P genotype (18.7%) was in our population compared to Mx1O/Mx1O genotype (81.3%). No significant effect of the included genes on the reproduction traits of litter was found, nevertheless the significant effect of these genes on some production traits was observed. The sows with genotype MC4RB/MC4RB had significantly lower (P < 0.05) average daily gain. The genotype FUT1A/FUT1G proved the highest (P < 0.01) lean content (59.15%) in comparison to genotype FUT1G/FUT1G (57.94%). Homozygous MUC4A/MUC4A sows achieved lower (P < 0.05) backfat thickness than MUC4A/MUC4B sows (difference 0.09 mm). No association of the Mx1 gene either with growth traits or carcass value trait was demonstrable in the observed population.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation of linseed on physical characteristics, chemical composition and fatty acid content of pork meat. Forty hybrids (CLWs)x(CLWxCL) were divided into two treatments according to diet. Control was fed a feed mixture without linseed addition and experimental group was fed a linseed diet containing 15% of linseed. There was no effect (P>0.05) of inclusion of linseed on meat quality expressed by physical characteristics (electrical conductivity, pH, temperature, colour and drip loss) and chemical composition (content of water, crude protein, intramuscular fat and ash). The linseed addition statistically significantly (P<0.001) decreased the total MUFA content and increased the content of total PUFA and n-3 PUFA of pork meat (musculus longissimus lumborum et thoracis, MLLT). Significant (P<0.001) change was recorded in n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio. The value was reduced by dietary linseed from 18.79 to 2.77 in MLLT.

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In the analysed period from 1995 to 2010, the average carcass weight slightly increased by 1.75 kg. In 2010 it was 90.89 kg (s=11.136) and the average carcass lean meat content was 56.33 % (3.217). The lean meat content increased totally by 4.28 percent points. This increase was more rapid in the first part of the period analysed whereas it was generally stabilized in the second part. The increase of lean meat content was only marginally related to the reduction of carcass weight. Based on the previous analyses it is estimated that the above mentioned decrease in carcass weight would only result in 0.20 to 0.30 % increase of carcass lean content. Therefore, other factors and especially genetics are responsible for the improvement in carcass lean content. This logically resulted in different average classification results according to the SEUROP system. It is evidenced by the proportion of carcasses classified in S, E and U classes which was 68.4 % in 1995 compared to 96.1 % in 2010. Similarly, the proportion of R, O and P classes decreased over the analysed period. For instance, the proportion of R class was reduced by 22.8 percent point and the P class is currently practically absent.

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The aim of this experiment was to evaluate chosen traits of carcass value in tested hybrid combination of carcass pigs (CLW x CL) x D and (CLW x CL) x (D x BL). Statistical conclusive (P?0.001) higher slaughter weight (114.13 kg) it was found in hybrid combination (CLW x CL) x D in comparison with hybrid combination (CLW x CL) x (D x BL) with 108.95 kg. Lean meat portion was statistically conclusive (P?0.001) higher in hybrid combination with Duroc boars – 57.93 % in comparison with hybrid combination with boars D x BL with 57.07 %. Regressive equations for each combination were calculated to find lean meat portion in carcass bodies with the uniform slaughter weights. In all uniform slaughter weights from 100 kg to 130 kg the lean meat portion was higher for approx. 1 % in hybrid combination (CLW x CL) x D in comparison with hybrid combination (CLW x CL) x (D x BL). The highest lean meat portion (58.78 %, 57.71 %) in studied combinations it was calculated in slaughter weight 100 kg and the lowest (56.97 %, 55.58 %) was found in slaughter weight 130 kg. The back fat thickness (12.30 mm) was a little bit lower in hybrid combination (CLW x CL) x D in comparison with hybrid combination (CLW x CL) x (D x BL) with 12.76 mm.

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The aim of this study was to assess the effect of sex on quantitative and qualitative parameters of muscle fibers in selected carcasse parts (loin, ham, shoulder, neck) in pigs. Monitoring was conducted at 216 hybrid pigs of three different genotypes with a balanced sex proportion. Barrows as well as gilts achieved the highest quality parameter levels of muscle fibers in the ham and loin, the lowest in shoulder. The highest frequency of muscle fibers per unit area were demonstrated in both sexes in the shoulder plece (89,28 resp. 93,13), the lowest in the ham (69,90 resp. 62,31) and loin (65,10 resp. 62,51). Barrows compared gilts can be characterized by lower quality parameters of muscle fibers, especially in ham and loin. Based on the above facts it can be mentioned that between gilts and barows exist significant differences in both qualitative and quantitative muscle fibe parameters in the ham (m. semimembranosus) and loin (m. longissimus and thoracis).

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The aim of the study was to assess the slaughter value in pigs and their backfat quality in relation to the nutrition. Pigs, in sex balance, penned in pairs of the (HxPN) x (LWDxL) and LWS x (LWDxL) genotypes, frequencies of up to 72 heads, were fattened (22- 113,5 kg) in test station where their production performance were monitored. Nutrition was an ad-lib, using the CFM according to the specified compound curves. The standard CFMs were added separately flaxseed, corn and flaxseed with corn. After the test the carcass quantity traits were monitored like carcass weight, ZP and FOM classification backfat thickness 1-3, loin eye area as well as carcass quality traits like meat color, water, dry matter and fat sahre content in MLLT, and the total amount of fatty acids. The results were evaluated by statistical software SAS ® Software Release 6.04 proprieties (2001) and differences between the characters tested analysis of variance. Based on these results we can say that the composition of the CFM influences the backfat thicknes at the last thoracic vertebrae; as flax, and corn significantly reduce them. FCM composition did not affects quantitative indicators of the carcass value and meat color. Furthermore, it can be stated, that the corn, compared to flax, increase the lightness of the backfat. Flax then positively influences the meat water binding capacity, the amount of PUFA, negatively affects the overall amount of SAFA and MUFA.

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A total of 596 hybrid pigs, crossbreeds (Czech Large White x Czech Landrace) x Pietrain from production testing were used in our study. Stress negative (NN) sows F1 and 9 different Pietrain boars with even proportion of RYR1 genotype (3x NN, 3x Nn, 3x nn) were included in the experiment. After slaughtering, the carcasses were divided into 4 weight groups with 10-kg intervals from 65 to 105 kg. The effect of genotype of RYR1 gene in boars on the thickness of back fat, meatiness and length of carcass has been demonstrated based on variance analysis. Back fat was deepest in all weight groups in the progeny of boars with heterozygote genotype. In contrast, the lowest values were obtained in the progeny of boars with recessive homozygote genotype (nn) (P < 0.001). The lowest values of meatiness were recorded in the progeny of boars with genotype Nn compared to the progeny of boars with genotype nn, the difference being statistically significant (P < 0.001). No significant difference was found in meatiness between the progeny of NN and nn boars. The highest values of the carcass length were found in all groups in the progeny of boars with heterozygote genotype (Nn). The differences in this parameter between this genotype and the other two (NN and nn) were significant.

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To determine the coefficients for the calculation of pig live weights on the basis of their carcass weights, a representative group of totally 319 pigs was analysed. The coefficients were determined for both cold and hot carcass weights. The equation for calculating live weight (y) based on the cold carcass weight was as follows: y = 1.30*x. The equation for calculating live weight (y) based on the hot carcass weight was as follows: y = 1.27*x. The coefficients for different weight categories and genders were also determined. For practical use it is recommended to employ the cold carcass weight and the coefficient 1.30, as the cold carcass weight is compulsorily given in classification reports according to the Regulation MZe 324/2005.

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The skin abrasion and subsequent infection of wounds and joints are very frequent in piglets in farrowing pens on commercial farms. The disinfectant with glycerine content used after farrowing created oil film on plastic grates and piglets slid back on this smooth surface. The reduction of thoracic limbs injury was noted after deletion of disinfection (P<0.01). Covering of slippery grates by plastic matting caused a significant reduction of injury of thoracic and pelvic limbs (P<0.01).

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The beginnings of artificial insemination of pigs date back to the 1930s. The physiological specifics of pig reproduction certainly have not done anything to facilitate the development of insemination. The pig is one of only a few species of domesticated animals in which cryopreservation has so far not been successfully mastered. Diluting and preserving of boar semen for its use in artificial insemination is a key element of the technology for inseminating sows which has direct impact on the effectiveness on this method of reproduction in pigs. Modern extenders that extend the useful life of doses to approximately one week and up to ten days. For standard insemination, extenders which keep a dose viable for about 5 days are wholly satisfactory for the time being.

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Electrically treated water (ETW) has a character of nanotechnology. It is produced by special equipment for dissociation of water molecules. The practice of adding ETW to the wet diet of growing pigs was subjected to an experiment. A control group of pigs that did not receive any ETW was matched by two experimental groups, one getting 4% of ETW in the total feed (Exp-4%), and the other 8% (Exp-8%). The dosage was maintained throughout the entire fattening period up to the slaughter. Meat quality was assessed by technological and sensory evaluation. The tests did not reveal any negative effect of ETW addition on meat quality in either experimental group.

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Experiments involving nanotechnology (walls and ceiling coated with titanium dioxide - TiO2) in pig farming culminated in an assessment of meat quality following the slaughter. This was done by technological and sensory evaluation of meat properties and by analyses of the basic nutrients. The tests performed did not show any negative effects of the applied coating on meat quality. In color evaluation, meat samples a* from the experimental group of pigs showed a greater proportion of red color (p=0.0146). The color shift may be considered positive.

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The regression equation generally used for rapid estimation of certain facts. For their use is necessary to find appropriate, easily measurable predictive variables. Based on a detailed dissection of the 80 belies and the image analysis were determined correlation coefficients. It found a high variability in tissue composition in different parts of the belly. Cranial direction occurred to increase the total area of cut surface of muscle growth and a slight increase in the proportion of muscle area. When analyzing the proportion of muscle was, in fact a trend reduction in the proportion of lean meat share cranial direction. Characteristics obtained from image analysis can not directly estimate the proportion of muscle in belly, but these characteristics can be used as predictive variables for the construction of regression formula. Where selected potential variable with high correlation coefficient for the proportion of muscle in belly. Seems most appropriate to the meat of the area and the total area on the belly of the cut between the 10th and 11 rib.

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A year-long study was conducted to evaluate the use of titanium dioxide (TiO2) in pig farming. Two identical barns, each with a housing capacity of 100 pigs, slotted floors and continuous flow production were used in the study. The walls and the ceiling of one of the barns were treated with a prime sealer. The surfaces were left to dry and then a coat of paint containing TiO2 nanoparticles was applied. Twenty measurements were taken during the test period to determine levels of ammonia (NH3). Average NH3 emissions (converted to 100 kg live weight) were 5,04 kg in the control group and 3.92 kg in the experimental group, respectively, which corresponds to the reduction in emissions in the latter by 22.3 % (NH3). The multiple linear regression model of the relationship between NH3 emissions and ambient conditions showed the greatest dependence on the weight of animals. This was corroborated by correlation statistics. The closest bond was found between NH3 emissions and the weight of pigs, and it was negative (r -0.7 to -0.9).

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The aim of this study was to test the influence of the missense mutation AJ315771:g.143C>T in the CTSL gene on selected production traits in pig crosses. These crosses are commonly used in commercial farms in the Czech Republic. The allele frequencies of g.143C>T were 0.04 for allele T and 0.96 for allele C. We detected statistically significant differences on the feed consuption, the backfat thickness, the lean meat and on the are of the MLLT. Allele T correlated with higher values of fatness and feed consuption and allele C with a greater percentage of lean meat. However, in this study we did not find any significant influence on qualitative traits of meat.

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The experiment was established to study the feeding of organic and inorganic forms of zinc and the effect of these zinc forms on the reproductive indicators (ejaculate volume, concentration of sperms and percentage of pathologic sperms in ejaculate) in breeding boars. The experiment included sixty-six boars, which were divided into two equable groups by age and breeds. In 115 days of experiment duration, the volume of ejaculate increased in both groups. Boars receiving the organic zinc form showed a highly significantly increased (P < 0.001) average volume of ejaculate from 207.5 ± 66.56 ml to 289.5 ± 81.28 ml. Boars receiving the inorganic zinc form exhibited the volume of ejaculate increased by 59.52 ml (P < 0.05) in the last two weeks of the experiment while the average volume in the initial sampling was 229.62 ± 102.64 ml. The concentration of sperms in the group receiving the organically fixed zinc slightly decreased from 407.44 ± 126 thous./mm3 to 400.67 ± 200.86 thous./mm3. By contrast, the group of boars whose feeding mixture contained the inorganic form of zinc reached in the last two weeks of the experiment an increased concentration of sperms from 402.63 ± 180.26 thous./mm3 to 424.10 ± 149.81 thous./mm3. The percentage of pathologic sperms did not show any demonstrable difference between the two groups. Both groups exhibited a mild increase in this indicator. The experimental group with the supplement of organic zinc showed an increase from 10.18 ± 8.46 % to 11.67 ± 7.68 % and the experimental group with the supplement of inorganic zinc showed an increase from 9.4 ± 8.4 % to 9.92 ± 6.68 %. The obtained sperm served to produce under identical conditions on average by 20.97 insemination doses (ID) more from the beginning of the experiment in the group of animals receiving organic zinc form. The group receiving inorganic zinc form exhibited an increase by 20.2 ID. Our experimental results demonstrated that feeding the organic zinc form has a beneficial influence on the volume of ejaculate and hence on the production of insemination doses. Other studied reproduction parameters (concentration and percentage of pathologic sperms) did not show any significant differences resulting from the feeding by different zinc forms.

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The aim of this study was performed association analyses between polymorphims of calpastatin identified with HinfI, MspI and RsaI restriction endonucleases in pigs and meat quality characteristics and also interaction between CAST and RYR1 genes. The investigations were conducted on 470 pigs. Some meat quality characteristics, electic conductivity, temperature, pH and drip loss were determined. Statistically significant influence of CAST/ HinfI genotype on electic conductivity (P < 0,001) were found. Moreover, the results of CAST/MspI show similar effect on this tait. Moreover, it was found the interaction between CAST/MspI and RYR1 on drip loss (P< 0,04).

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Cílem práce bylo posoudit vliv genotypu na kvalitativní a kvantitativní parametry svalových vláken u vybraných jatečných partií (kýta, pečeně, plec, krkovice). Pokus proběhl na 216ks prasat v průměrném věku 65 – 70 dnů od narození. Jednalo se o genotypy ČBU, ČBUxČL, (ČBUxČL) x (HxPN) a (ČBUxČL) x PN a jatečné partie pečeně, kýta, plec a krkovice. Byl prokázán vliv genotypu na dosahované parametry svalových vláken. Genotyp (ČBU x ČL) x PN se vyznačoval největší tloušťkou svalových vláken (84,38 mm) v jatečné partii kýtě a pečeni, u genotypu ČBU bylo naměřeno v jatečných partiích kýtě a pečeni nejmenší tloušťky svalových vláken. Všechny sledované genotypy byly charakterizovány největší tloušťkou svalových vláken u jatečné partie kýty a pečeně, počet svalových vláken na jednotku plochy byl u všech sledovaných genotypů nejvyšší u jatečné partie plece a krkovice.

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The aim of this work is to objectively assess the quality of pork meat and fat in relation to sex. From this purpose animals on the frequency of 72 pieces of different genotypes, sex balance was observed in the test station. Their fattening took place in the interval 22 - 113.5 kg. Their feeding was ad-lib on the basis of complete feed mixtures (FCM). Feed mixtures were mixed for each individual pair of pigs (2 gilts, 2 barrows), according to the specified feeding curves. FCM were consistently composed of the components of wheat, barley, soybean meal and feed supplement. For each group were created 2 FCM (P1, P2 ). FCMs were mixed depending on the weight, which continually passed P1 to P2. With regard to the objective work formed the animals in Group 1 and 2, then fed a standard FCM P1 and P2 frequencies of 36 barrows and 36 gilts, to which were also added flax seed and corn (15/10 %). After the test a selected sample of animals from each group performed an dissection analysis. The carcass quality was monitored in terms of quantity as well as quality and then the dorsal fat and MLLT samples were intended fatty acid profiles. On the base of obtained results one could say that gilts show a better conformation, less IMF as well as adipose fat than barrows. They have a higher proportion of meat in slaughter and lower parts of their fitness. The study did not demonstrate a significant effect of sex on the chemical composition of meat and FA content.

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The aim of the study was to determine the effect of sunflower meal in feed mixture for fattening pigs on fatty acid composition of M. longissimus dorsi and backfat samples. Twenty crossbred gilts were divided into two groups and fed ad libitum with control diet (C) or diet containing sunflower meal (S). The content of saturated fatty acids (SFA) was higher in muscle tissue of pigs fed control diet (P<0.001) but there was not found significant difference between control and experimental group (P>0.05) in backfat samples. The monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) concentration was higher in both muscle and fat tissue (P<0.01-0.001) of control pigs. On the other hand, total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) content was higher in muscle and fat samples of pigs fed sunflower diet (P<0.001). The n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio was lower in control group compared to experimental group (P<0.001).